Communication and its modes and components

Cyber law and its importance

Cyber law: The law which governs all the legal issues of cyber space, controls cyber crime, provide legal status to online transaction and covers several activity related to internet is called cyber law.

Importance of cyber law:

1. To control cyber crime.
2. Mitigates misuse of technology.
3. To flourish IT industry in the nation.
4. To legalize online transaction.
5. To adopt and use new and modern technology.

Cyber law in Nepal was introduced in 30th Bhadra 2061 BS (15th September 2004 AD). The name of the cyber law of Nepal is “Electronic Transaction and Digital Signature Act – Ordinance.

Provisions of cyber law of Nepal.

1. Identify and punish cyber criminals.
2. Help to provide legal status to IT industry.
3. Implementation of IT in governmental activities.
4. Monitors data privacy and misuse of technology.

Cyber ethics and crime

Computer ethics: The moral principles and values or the code of conduct that must be followed by every computer user is called computer ethics. Commandments of computer ethics.

1. Do not use computer to commit crime.
2. Always use computer in the welfare of human being.
3. Don’t use computer to steal data and file.
4. Don’t use computer to publish fake news and information.
5. Don’t use computer to bear false witness.

Cyber crime: The criminal activity or a crime committed by using computer, internet or any electronic means and media is called cyber crime. Cyber criminal are also considered as a criminal hence, cyber law has appropriate provision of punishing the cyber criminals. For eg, piracy, hacking, cyber bullying, phishing, salami saving, pornography, data diddling, spreading computer virus etc

Terms to understand:

1. Intellectual property right: The law through which the creation(music, art, writings etc) made by creator gets actual reward and not being misused without proper compensation.
2. Patent right: The law through which inventor protect his/her invention(technological) from being used without proper compensation.
3. Digital signature: It is the technology used to ensure the correct delivery of message over a network. It use private and public key for encryption and decryption of data.
4. Encryption: The feature by which readable data and message are converted into unreadable code and its vice versa is called decryption.
5. Trade mark: The sign or symbol used to represent brand.
6. Trade secret: The main secret principle or philosophy of running unique business.
7. Hacker: The person who enter into other system without proper authorization.

Computer security and its types

Define computer security? Mention its type.

The protection or securing computer data, information, software and hardware from being damaged or lost is known as computer security. Its types are:

1. Hardware security
2. Software security

Define hardware security? Give any four measures to protect the computer hardware.

The protection or securing computer from physical damage or loss is known as hardware security. It deals with protection of computer hardware components and its peripheral. Following are the measures of hardware security.

1. Regular maintenance
2. Dust free environment
3. Insurance
4. Protection from fire
5. Protection from theft
6. Power protection device
7. Air conditioning.

Define software security? Give any four measures to protect the computer software.

The protection or securing computer data, information and software being damaged or lost knowingly or unknowingly is known as computer security.

1. Measures of software security
2. Keeping password
3. Backup
4. Use of antivirus
5. Fragmentation
6. Scandisk

Important Terms

1. SMPS: Switch Mode Power Supply
2. CVT: Constant Voltage Transformer
3. CCTV: Close Circuit Television
4. Password: Secret word used to prevent unauthorized access
5. Backup: Duplicate copies of original data file, so that we can access even original data gets lost or damaged.
6. Fragmentation: The process of scattering part of same disk over random location
7. Defragmentation: The process of rewriting part of file to a contiguous sector on a disk. It increase disk access speed i.e increase disk performance.
8. Scandisk: Repairing harddisk.
9. Antivirus: Software use to detect and eliminate virus from our computer system. Eg, AVG, Norton, NOD32, Kaspersky etc
10. Power protection device: UPS, Volt guard, Spike guard, CVT
11. UPS: Un-interruptable Power Supply provides power backup when there is electric power failure.
12. Volt guard/CVT: They regulate incoming voltage and maintain uniform power supply. They do not provide backup power.

Computer virus its effect and cause

Computer virus: It is a computer program that replicates(multiplies) itself and destroys data, files and program of our computer system. Types of computer virus

1. Boot sector: Infects master boot record (MBR) of our computer system. (Booting refers to starting of computer system)
2. File infector or program infector virus: Infect programs or executable files (.exe, .dmg, installer files)
3. Multipartite virus: Infects both boot sector and application programs.
4. Macro virus: Infects certain files created using macros such as MS-Word, MS-Excel etc
5. Stealth virus: Which can hide from being detected. Its hard to detect
6. Trojan horse: They does not replicate but are installed once then it starts malfunctioning.
7. WORM: Write Once Read Many

Purpose of creating virus:

1. To expose programming ability.
2. To protect software piracy.
3. To destroy data and information.
4. To entertain user.
5. To hack and crack software.

Causes of computer virus/Reason of transmission

1. Exchanging data and files from other computer.
2. Opening spams and links on network
3. Using pirated software.
4. Sharing computer drives and storage.
5. Using unauthorized web application.

Ill-Effects/Symptoms of computer virus

1. Program takes longer time to load.
2. Unwanted message appears in the screen.
3. Change in file size and directory.
4. Corrupts system data and files.
5. Computer boots frequently unnecessarily.

Precaution/Safety measure/Protection of computer virus

1. Use updated antivirus.
2. Don’t open unauthorized mails and link on internet.
3. Don’t use pirated software.
4. Back up data, files and folders if necessary.
5. Use password when not in use.
6. Don’t share files and folders from infected computer.

Antivirus:  It is an utility software that helps to detects and eliminates computer virus from the computer. For eg, AVG (Antivirus Guard), NOD 32, Norton, Kaspersky, Panda antivirus, PC-Cillin, Avast etc

E-Commerce and its types

E-Commerce: The process of buying and selling goods, services and information through internet is called E-Commerce. It basically refers to electronic transaction done over a communication network i.e. internet.

Note: E-mail, Fax, Online payment, Online Security, Web services, Information sharing are some the widely used technology in E-Commerce

Types of E-Commerce:

a) Business to Customer (B2C): The business relationship between business organization and final customer. E-Commerce website plays intermediary role between business organization and final consumer. amazon performs B2C.

b) Business to Business (B2B): This type of e-commerce is conducted between companies. Individual consumer cannot buy from this type of e-commerce. For example, manufacturing companies sells goods to wholesalers. alibaba performs B2B.

c) Consumer to Consumer (C2C): This type of e-commerce is conducted between consumers. For example, second hand or used products can also be brought online using site like hamrobazaar. These platforms acts as a third-party where consumers can directly interact with each other and can perform transaction between them.

Pros and Cons of E-Commerce

Advantage / Pros / Merits of E-Commerce

1. We can buy and sell goods and services anytime anywhere.
2. No geographical limitations, we can expand our business globally.
3. Physical store and shops are not required.
4. Low operation cost.
5. Customers will have wide range of choice.
6. Customers can provide real time feedback and suggestion.

Disadvantage / Cons/ De-merits / Limitation of E-Commerce

1. Its works only on network such as internet.
2. Chances of electronic frauds and scam.
3. Technical failure may hamper whole business operation.
4. Technical skill and knowledge require to operate.
5. Goods and services may not be real as shown in the e-commerce.
6. International laws may restrict to perform business overseas.

Similarities and Differences between Traditional Commerce and E-commerce.

Some important terminologies

a) M-Commerce: It refers to Mobile-Commerce which is an extended version of e-commerce where buying and selling goods, services and information are done through handheld devices such as mobile phone, tablets, PDAs etc. M-Commerce includes website and mostly apps that provide features of performing transaction. Some example of M-Commerce are: purchasing airline tickets, movie tickets, hotel booking, top-up recharge, fund transfer etc.

Importance of M-Commerce:

1. Widely used technology. Almost every people in this days used mobile phone.
2. Portable enough to perform transaction anytime anywhere.

b) Online payment: Online payment is the process of performing transaction without using cash. It generally refers to paper less transaction using modern days solution i.e. payment gateway. through internet. Several modes of E-payments are: credit card, debit card, electronic fund transfer (EFT), E-cheque etc.

Advantages of Online payment:

1. Cash less/paper less transaction.
2. Great safety and security from physical theft.
3. Virtual fund transfer minimizes human interaction
4. Can be used to perform online shopping.

Contemporary Technology refers to the latest innovation and technology that has become a part of our daily life. These technologies has great influence over a life of human. Services like E-mail, E-Commerce, Chats, Video Conferencing, Live streaming are some of the common contemporary technology that we encounter on daily basis.

Beside above mentioned some integrated latest technologies are:

1. Cloud computing: Cloud generally refers to huge collection of storage which are done through server farms. The trend of using a network of remote servers/data center hosted on the internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than in our local server or a personal computer is called cloud computing. Google Drive, one drive, iCloud are an example of cloud storage.

Advantages of Cloud Computing

1. Large volume of data can be stored conveniently.
2. It helps in data backup and recovery.
3. Cloud computing services are used to host live-streaming.
4. High speed of data transfer.

2. Mobile Computing: The use of handheld devices such as mobile phone and tablets to transfer data, voice and video over a network is called mobile computing. These technology allows people to access data and information from whenever and wherever they are.

Advantages of Mobile Computing.

1. They are highly portable and be used from anywhere around.
2. Mobiles and other handheld devices can be connected in a network to exchange data and information

3. E-Governance: The set of services provided by the government to their public through electronics means specially internet is called E-Governance.

Advantages of E-Governance

1. It increase public participation.
2. It increase transparency in governmental activities.
3. It reduces corruptions.
4. Helps to make paperless government.
5. Easy and fast delivery of governmental services.

4. Artificial Intelligence: Artificial Intelligence is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets the means and method of making computers think like human beings. In short, It is process of integrating human behavior in machine.

Machine learning, Robotics, cyber security, health care etc are the application areas of AI.

Advantages of AI:

1. It handles data and information better than human.
2. It introduces new methods to solve problems.
3. It can be used in decision making.
4. It can be to interpret data and draw conclusion.
5. AI robots can be used to solve complex engineering problems.

5. Virtual Reality:  It is an artificial environment created by using the computers and technology to give user a realistic experience. In short it is a simulated environment created using computerized technology. It creates an illusion of the real world. VR are used in film industry, gaming, aviation industry etc.

Advantages of VR:

1. It can create realistic environment and experience.
2. Simulation of complex problem. eg, Pilot learns their first flying experience in simulated environment.
3. It make gaming much more realistic and engaging.

6. Internet of Things (IOT): IoT are the electronic technology in which devices can communicate with user and its environment in real time. These devices can share data and information between user and its server allowing user to experience the combination of physical world with digital.

In general IoT is the network of real world “Things” (devices) made with sensors, software and other various technology that can communicate with user and devices through internet.

Modern days devices like smart watch can track our fitness level, voice assistant in our mobile phones like Siri and Alexa, smart car like Tesla built with autonomous riding capability, home security system that allows to monitor suspicious activities and more.

Advantages of IoT

1. It increases efficiency and productivity of work.
2. It helps to automate our daily life work.
3. It can be used as entertainment enhancing user experience.
4. It helps to communicate and exchange data and information in real time.

Altogether from number system 4 marks question will be asked. 2 numerical will be from Number system conversion whereas 2 numerical will be from Binary operation i.e Binary addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

All the possible problem are solved in the given video link.

Click here for all problem of Number system conversion – 2 marks

Click here for all problem of Binary operation – 2 marks

Data and information

Data: Data are the raw facts and figure with are isolated and uninterpreted generally represented by letter and numbers. Data undergoes processing. Eg, 32, John, 12

Information: The collection of meaningful result obtained after processing raw data. They are generated after processing. Eg. John is 32 years old and he reads in class 12.

Database: The systematic and scientific collection of data that can access quickly whenever required is called database. It is the organized way of collecting and keeping data and information. E.g. Dictionary, telephone directory, marks ledger, attendance register.

DBMS and its advantages

DBMS: DBMS stands for Database Management System which is the collection of software that is used to manages database i.e. storing, manipulating and retrieving data systematically and scientifically. It is a software used to store, process and access data and information whenever required. Eg, MS-Access, MY SQL, Oracle, dBase, Foxpro

Advantages of DBMS.

1. It helps in faster access of data.
2. It helps to reduce duplication of data.
3. It helps to provide security and privacy to data.
4. It helps in data sharing.
5. Easy to modify the data

Q) Differentiate between database and DBMS with examples. [V.imp]

MS-Access: It is a DBMS developed by Microsoft corporation for organizing data in the form of tables. It allows user to add, edit, delete, sort, modify, share and print records. Feature of MS-Access.

1. Easy to store data and information.
2. Easy to enter, edit, delete and display data.

Objects / Element of DBMS

A) Table: The primary building block of DBMS where data are organized in the tabular form i.e rows and columns. The columns of database table are called field whereas, rows are called record. Importance of table.

1. Helps to store data in organized group.
2. Easy to sort distinct records.
3. Fields of table helps to store different types of datas on different topic.

B) Form: The element/object of database which allows user to enter new datas and edit the existing one easily through user friendly interface. Importance of form.

1. It provide user interface through which user can enter data.
2. It helps to modify records.

C) Query: The importance object of database which is used to retrieve/access and interpret the information according the user requirement. Importance of query.

1. It helps in faster access of data.
2. It helps to display information as per the users condition.
3. It helps in sorting and filtering of data.

Types of Query

1. Select query: Used to retrieve data from one or more table depending upon the condition.
2. Action Query: Used to make changes to records available in database. Types are
   1. Update query: Used to make global (All at once) changes to several records in different table.
   2. Append query: Used to add more records in existing one or more tables.
   3. Delete query: Used to delete one or more record from one or more tables.
   4. Make-table query: Create new table link one or more available tables in database/

D) Report: The object of database which is used to generate result after processing data in a database. It is the effective way of displaying data either in soft copy (monitor) format or hard copy (printed) format. Important of report.

1. It helps to generate summary after processing data.
2. It can be used to generate invoice, bills, statement and labels.
3. It helps to generate result in attractive and effective way.

Data types: The characteristics of field that specifies what kind of data can be stored in the given field is called  data types. Following are the data types used in MS-Access.

Field properties

1. Field size: It is used to set the maximum size for the data stored in a given field. For eg, maximum characters (size) store in text field is 256 characters. Default field size is 50.
2. Format: It is used to display formatted output that means data can be display in different formats and layouts. For eg, < (Display content in lower case), > (Display content in upper case).
3. Input mask: It is used to specify the format in which data can be entered.
4. Caption: It is used to display alternate name for the field to make it more descriptive. It can contain 2048 characters.
5. Default value: It is the value or information that is displayed automatically when we add a new record in table for a field.
6. Validation rule: It enables user to limit values that can be accepted by particular field. It can contain 2048 characters.
7. Validation text: The message that is displayed when validation rule is violated or not followed.
8. Required: It is used to specify whether the data must be enter or not in the particular field.
9. Indexed: It is used to speed up the searching and sorting of record from the database table.

Some important terms used in DBMS

1) Extension of MS-Access database file is .MDB

2) Primary key(v.imp): The key or field that is used to uniquely identified records from the database table is called primary key. It must be unique and cannot be kept empty(null). Importance of primary key.

1. It uniquely identifies records.
2. It helps in faster access of data.
3. It helps to prevent duplication of data.
4. It avoids empty(null) values.
5. It is used to establish table relationship.

3) Table relationship: The logical link between two or more than two tables of database using unique key fields is called table relationship. Types are: one to one, one to many, many to many.

4) Sorting: Arranging data in a particular order of field i.e. ascending or descending is called sorting. Helps in faster access of data.

5) Filtering: The process of making selection of record depending upon the supplied criteria is called filtering. Helps in faster access of data.

6) DBA: DBA stands for Database Administrator is a person or specialist who is responsible to manages and monitor overall resources and operation (such as analyzing, planning, operating, implementing and securing) associated with DBMS. Responsibilities of DBMS.

1. Planning database activities.
2. Securing database and system.
3. Implementing modern tools and technology..
4. Maintaining database.
5. Providing user safety and privacy.

Click here for QBASIC theory notes

Click here for Series and patterns using FUNCTION … END FUNCTION

Click here for SEE repeated Find output with solution.

Generate following series using Sub …. End Sub.

• Fibonacci series i.e. 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 …………..20th term

DECLARE SUB SERI()
CLS
CALL SERI
END
SUB SERI
a=0
b=1
PRINT a;b;
FOR i=1 to 20
c=a+b
print c;
a=b
b=c
NEXT i
END SUB

• 1 2 3 6 11 20 ….10th term

declare sub series ( )
CLS 
CALL series 
END 
SUB series
a = 1 
b = 2 
c = 3 
PRINT a; b; c; 
FOR i = 1 TO 10 
d = a + b + c 
PRINT d; 
a = b 
b = c 
b = d 
NEXT i
END SUB

• 1 2 4 7 11 ……………10th term

DECLARE SUB SERI()
CLS
CALL SERI
END
SUB SERI
a=1
g=1
FOR i=1 to 10
print a
a=a+g
g=g+1
NEXT i
END SUB

• 1 2 5 10 17 …………..10th term

DECLARE SUB SERI()
CLS
CALL SERI
END
SUB SERI
a=1
g=1
FOR i=1 to 10
print a
a=a+g
g=g+2
NEXT i
END SUB

• 3 12 27 48 …………….10th term

DECLARE SUB SERI()
CLS
CALL SERI
END
SUB SERI
FOR i=1 to 10
a= 3*i^2
PRINT a;
NEXT i
END SUB

• 1 5 25 125 ………..7th term

DECLARE SUB SERI()
CLS
CALL SERI
END
SUB SERI
FOR i=0 to 6
a= 5^i
PRINT a;
NEXT i
END SUB

• 5 10 20 35 55 …………….10th term

DECLARE SUB SERI()
CLS
CALL SERI
END
SUB SERI
a=5
g=5
FOR i=1 to 10
print a
a=a+g
g=g+5
NEXT i
END SUB

Write all the following programs using only Sub….End Sub.

1. To convert given second into respective hour, minute and second.

Declare sub convert (s)
CLS
INPUT “Enter second”;s
call convert (s)
end
sub convert (s)
h =s\3600
rs = s MOD 3600
m = rs\60
sec = rs MOD 60
Print “Hour";h; “Minute”;m; “Second”;sec
End Sub

2. To display and count all the vowels and consonant from the given string.

DECLARE SUB COUNT (N$) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter any string"; N$
CALL COUNT (N$)
END 
SUB COUNT (N$)       
FOR I = 1 TO LEN(N$)         
X$ = MID$(N$,I,1)         
X$ = UCASE$(X$)
IF X$ = "A" AND X$ = "E" AND X$ = "I" AND X$ = "O" AND X$ = "U" THEN             
V = V+1   
ELSE
C=C+1      
END IF      
NEXT I    
PRINT "Total numbers of vowels ="; V
PRINT "Total numbers of consonants ="; C
END SUB

3. To display all the factors of given number.

Declare sub factors (n)
cls
Input “ Enter number” ;n
call factors (n)
end
sub factors (n)
for i = 1 to n
If n MOD i = 0 then
print ;i
end if 
next i
end sub

4. To display first 10 multiples of given number.

Declare sub multiple (n)
cls
Input “ Enter number” ;n
call multiple (n)
end
sub multiple (n)
for i = 1 to 10
m=n*i
print m;
next i
end sub

QBASIC programming altogether covers 18 out of 50 marks in SEE examination. QBASIC programming grid for SEE is as follows.
Group C “QBASIC programming” 18 marks

Some QBASIC programming practice questions for SEE.

Write all the following programs using both Sub….End Sub and Function…..End Function.

1) To convert Celsius temperature scale into Fahrenheit temperature scale. [ (C-0)/100 =(F-32)/180 ]

DECLARE SUB TEMP (C) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter temperature in Celsius";C
CALL TEMP (C)
END 
SUB TEMP (C)  
F = (18*C+320)/10 
PRINT "Equivalent Fahrenheit temperature is";F
END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION TEMP (C)  
CLS  
INPUT "Enter temperature in Celsius";C  
X = TEMP (C)  
PRINT "Equivalent Fahrenheit temperature is";X
END 
FUNCTION TEMP (C)  
F= (18*C+320)/10  
TEMP = F
END FUNCTION

2) To convert Nepali rupee into Indian currency . [ 1IC = 1.6Rs ]

DECLARE SUB CONVERT (N) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter Nepali Rupee";N
CALL CONVERT (N)
END 
SUB CONVERT (N) 
IC = N/1.6 
PRINT "Equivalent Indian currency is";IC
END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION CONVERT (N) 
CLS 
INPUT "Enter Nepali Rupee";N 
X = CONVERT (N) 
PRINT "Equivalent Indian currency is";X
END 
FUNCTION CONVERT (N) 
IC = N/1.6
CONVERT = IC
END FUNCTION

3) To calculate sum of n-natural number.

DECLARE SUB SUM (N) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter Number";N
CALL SUM (N)
END 
SUB SUM (N) 
FOR I = 1 TO N   
S = S+I
NEXT I 
PRINT "Sum is:" ; S
END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION SUM (N) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter Number";N
X = SUM (N) 
PRINT "Sum is:" ; X
END 
FUNCTION SUM (N) 
FOR I = 1 TO N   
S = S+I
NEXT I
SUM = S
END FUNCTION

4) To calculate factorial of given number. (Product of N-natural number)

DECLARE SUB FACT (N) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter Number";N
CALL FACT (N)
END 
SUB FACT (N) 
F=1
FOR I = 1 TO N   
F = F*I
NEXT I 
PRINT "Factorial is:" ; F
END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION FACT (N) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter Number";N
 X = FACT (N) 
PRINT "Factorial is:" ; X
END 
FUNCTION FACT (N)
F=1
FOR I = 1 TO N   
F = F*I
NEXT I 
FACT = F
END FUNCTION

5) To calculate average of three numbers.

DECLARE SUB AVG (a,b,c) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter Three Number"; a,b,c
CALL AVG (a,b,c)
END 
SUB AVG (a,b,c) 
av = (a+b+c)/3
PRINT "Average is"; av
END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION AVG (a,b,c) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter Three Number"; a,b,c
X = AVG (a,b,c) 
PRINT "Average is"; X
END 
FUNCTION AVG (a,b,c) 
av = (a+b+c)/3
AVG = av
END FUNCTION

6) To find longest string among three strings.

DECLARE SUB LONG (a$,b$,c$) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter three string"; a$,b$,c$
CALL LONG (a$,b$,c$)
END 
SUB LONG (a$,b$,c$) 
a = LEN(a$)
b = LEN(b$) 
c = LEN(c$) 
IF a>b AND a>c THEN      
PRINT "Longest string is"; a$ 
ELSEIF b>a AND b>c THEN      
PRINT "Longest string is"; b$ 
ELSE      
PRINT "Longest string is"; c$ 
END IF
END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION LONG$ (a$,b$,c$) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter three string"; a$,b$,c$
X$ = LONG$ (a$,b$,c$) 
PRINT "Longest string is"; X$
END 
SUB LONG (a$,b$,c$) 
a = LEN(a$) 
b = LEN(b$) 
c = LEN(c$) 
IF a>b AND a>c THEN      
LONG$ = a$ 
ELSEIF b>a AND b>c THEN      
LONG$ = b$ 
ELSE      
LONG$ = c$ 
END IF
END SUB

7) To check whether given number is positive, negative or zero.

DECLARE SUB CHECK (N) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter any Number"; N
CALL CHECK (N)
END 
SUB CHECK (N)  
IF N>0 THEN          
PRINT ;N; "is positive"  
ELSEIF N<0 THEN          
PRINT ;N; "is negative"  
ELSE          
PRINT ;N; "is zero"  
END IF
END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION CHECK$ (N) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter any Number"; N
x$ = CHECK$ (N)
PRINT  X$
END 
FUNCTION CHECK$ (N)  
IF N>0 THEN          
CHECK$ = "Positive"  
ELSEIF N<0 THEN          
CHECK$ = "Negative"  
ELSE          
CHECK$ = "Zero"  
END IF
END FUNCTION

8) To calculate sum of digits of given number.

DECLARE SUB SUM (N) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter any Number"; N
CALL SUM (N)
END 
SUB SUM (N)
WHILE  N <>0         
R = N MOD 10         
S = S+R         
N = N\10     
WEND        
PRINT "Sum is"; S
END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION SUM (N) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter any Number"; N
X = SUM (N) 
PRINT "Sum is"; X
END 
FUNCTION SUM (N)      
WHILE  N <>0         
R = N MOD 10         
S = S+R         
N = N\10      
WEND 
SUM = S
END SUB

9) To calculate product of digits of given number.

DECLARE SUB PRODUCT (N) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter any Number"; N
CALL PRODUCT (N)
END 
SUB PRODUCT (N)      
P = 1
WHILE  N <>0         
R = N MOD 10         
P = P*R         
N = N\10     
WEND        
PRINT "Product is"; P
END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION PRODUCT (N)  
CLS
INPUT "Enter any Number"; N
X = PRODUCT (N)          
PRINT "Product is"; X
END 
FUNCTION PRODUCT (N)      
P = 1
WHILE  N <>0         
R = N MOD 10         
P = P*R         
N = N\10     
WEND     
PRODUCT = P
END FUNCTION

10) To check whether the given number is palindrome or not. [1221 is palindrome]

DECLARE SUB PALIN (N) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter any Number"; N
CALL PALIN (N)
END 
SUB PALIN (N)      
Z = N
WHILE  N <>0         
R = N MOD 10         
S = S*10+R
N = N\10     
WEND    
IF Z=S THEN        
PRINT ;N; "is Palindrome"   
ELSE        
PRINT ;N; "is not Palindrome"    
END IF
END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION PALIN$ (N) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter any Number"; N
X$ = PALIN$ (N) 
PRINT ; X$
END 
FUNCTION PALIN$ (N)      
Z = N
WHILE  N <>0         
R = N MOD 10         
S = S*10+R
N = N\10     
WEND    
IF Z=S THEN        
PALIN$ = "Given number is Palindrome"    
ELSE        
PALIN$ = "Given number is not Palindrome"    
END IF
END FUNCTION

11) To check whether the given number is armstrong or not. [153 is armstrong]

DECLARE SUB ARM (N) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter any Number"; N
CALL ARM (N)
END 
SUB ARM (N)      
Z = N
WHILE  N <>0         
R = N MOD 10         
S = S+Rˆ3
N = N\10     
WEND    
IF Z=S THEN        
PRINT ;N; "is Armstrong"    
ELSE        
PRINT ;N; "is not Armstrong"    
END IF
END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION ARM$ (N) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter any Number"; N
X$ = ARM$ (N) 
PRINT ; X$
END 
FUNCTION ARM$ (N)      
Z = N
WHILE  N <>0         
R = N MOD 10         
S = S+Rˆ3
N = N\10     
WEND    
IF Z=S THEN        
ARM$ = "Given number is Armstrong"    
ELSE        
ARM$ = "Given number is not Armstrong"    
END IF
END FUNCTION

12) To check whether the given number is prime or composite.

DECLARE SUB CHECK (N) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter any Number"; N
CALL CHECK (N)
END 
SUB CHECK (N)     
FOR I = 1 TO N       
IF N MOD I = 0 THEN         
C = C+1       
END IF    
NEXT I    
IF C = 2 THEN       
PRINT ;N: "is Prime"    
ELSE      PRINT ;N: "is Composite"    
END IF
END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION CHECK$ (N) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter any Number"; N
X$ = CHECK$ (N) 
PRINT X$
END 
FUNCTION CHECK$ (N)     
FOR I = 1 TO N       
IF N MOD I = 0 THEN         
C = C+1       
END IF    
NEXT I    
IF C = 2 THEN        
CHECK$ = "Given number is Prime"    
ELSE        
CHECK$ = "Given number is Composite"    
END IF
END FUNCTION

13) To calculate sum of even digits from a given number.

DECLARE SUB SUM (N) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter any Number"; N
CALL SUM (N)
END 
SUB SUM (N)      
WHILE  N <>0         
R = N MOD 10        
IF R MOD 2 = 0 THEN
  S = S+R        
END IF
N = N\10     
WEND        
PRINT "Sum of even digits is"; S
END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION SUM (N) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter any Number"; N
X = SUM (N) 
PRINT "Sum of even digits is"; X
END 
FUNCTION SUM (N)      
WHILE  N <>0         
R = N MOD 10         
IF R MOD 2 = 0 THEN             
S = S+R                 
END IF         
N = N\10      
WEND 
SUM = S
END SUB

14) To calculate product of odd digits from a given number.

DECLARE SUB PRODUCT (N) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter any Number"; N
CALL PRODUCT (N)
END 
SUB PRODUCT (N)      
P = 1
WHILE  N <>0         
R = N MOD 10         
IF R MOD 2 = 1 THEN             
P = P*R          
END IF         
N = N\10     
WEND        
PRINT "Product of odd digits is"; P
END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION PRODUCT (N)  
CLS
INPUT "Enter any Number"; N
X = PRODUCT (N)          
PRINT "Product of odd digits is"; X
END 
FUNCTION PRODUCT (N)      
P = 1
WHILE  N <>0         
R = N MOD 10         
IF R MOD 2 = 1 THEN                         
P = P*R                   
END IF         
N = N\10     
WEND     
PRODUCT = P
END FUNCTION

15) To check whether the given string is palindrome or not. [ MADAM is palindrome]

DECLARE SUB PALIN (N$) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter any string"; N$
CALL PALIN (N$)
END 
SUB PALIN (N$)      
FOR I = LEN(N$) TO 1 STEP -1         
X$ = MID$(N$,I,1)         
W$ = W$+X$
NEXT I    
IF N$=W$ THEN        
PRINT ;N$; "is Palindrome"    
ELSE        
PRINT ;N$; "is not Palindrome"    
END IF
END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION PALIN$ (N$) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter any string"; N$
A$ = PALIN$ (N$) 
PRINT A$
END 
FUNCTION PALIN$ (N$)     
FOR I = LEN(N$) TO 1 STEP -1         
X$ = MID$(N$,I,1)         
W$ = W$+X$
NEXT I    
IF N$=W$ THEN        
PALIN$ = "Given string is Palindrome"    
ELSE        
PALIN$ = "Given string is not Palindrome"    
END IF
END FUNCTION

16) To input a string and count how many times the first letter of the same string repeats. [ ie. BABY B repeats 2 times ]

DECLARE SUB COUNT (N$) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter any string"; N$
CALL COUNT (N$)
END 
SUB COUNT (N$)       
A$ = LEFT$(N$,1)      
FOR I = 1 TO LEN(N$)         
X$ = MID$(N$,I,1)         
IF A$ = X$ THEN            
 C = C+1         
END IF      
NEXT I    
PRINT "First letter repeats = "; C
END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION COUNT (N$) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter any string"; N$
X = COUNT (N$) 
PRINT "First letter repeats = "; X
END 
FUNCTION COUNT (N$)       
A$ = LEFT$(N$,1)      
FOR I = 1 TO LEN(N$)         
X$ = MID$(N$,I,1)         
IF A$ = X$ THEN             
C = C+1         
END IF      
NEXT I    
COUNT = C
END FUNCTION

17) To count total numbers of vowels in a given string.

DECLARE SUB COUNT (N$) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter any string"; N$
CALL COUNT (N$)
END 
SUB COUNT (N$)       
FOR I = 1 TO LEN(N$)         
X$ = MID$(N$,I,1)         
X$ = UCASE$(X$)
IF X$ = "A" OR X$ = "E" OR X$ = "I" OR X$ = "O" OR X$ = "U" THEN             
C = C+1         
END IF      
NEXT I    
PRINT "Total numbers of vowels ="; C
END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION COUNT (N$) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter any string"; N$
X = COUNT (N$) 
PRINT "Total numbers of vowels ="; X
END 
FUNCTION COUNT (N$)       
FOR I = 1 TO LEN(N$)         
X$ = MID$(N$,I,1)         
X$ = UCASE$(X$)
IF X$ = "A" OR X$ = "E" OR X$ = "I" OR X$ = "O" OR X$ = "U" THEN             
C = C+1         
END IF      
NEXT I  
COUNT = C
END SUB

18) To display all the consonant from a given string.

DECLARE SUB COUNT (N$) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter any string"; N$
CALL COUNT (N$)
END 
SUB COUNT (N$)       
FOR I = 1 TO LEN(N$)         
X$ = MID$(N$,I,1)         
X$ = UCASE$(X$)
IF X$ = "A" OR X$ = "E" OR X$ = "I" OR X$ = "O" OR X$ = "U" THEN          
ELSE            
W$ = W$+x$
END IF      
NEXT I            
PRINT W$
END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION DISPLAY$ (N$) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter any string"; N$
A$ = DISPLAY$ (N$) 
PRINT A$
END 
FUNCTION DISPLAY$ (N$)       
FOR I = 1 TO LEN(N$)         
X$ = MID$(N$,I,1)         
X$ = UCASE$(X$)
IF X$ = "A" OR X$ = "E" OR X$ = "I" OR X$ = "O" OR X$ = "U" THEN          
ELSE            
W$ = W$+x$
END IF      
NEXT I        
DISPLAY$ = W$
END FUNCTION

19) To display given string into alternative capital and small letters. [ NePaL ]

DECLARE SUB ALTER (N$) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter any string"; N$
CALL ALTER (N$)
END 
SUB ALTER (N$)       
FOR I = 1 TO LEN(N$)         
X$ = MID$(N$,I,1)        
IF I MOD 2 = 0 THEN             
X$ = LCAES$(X$)          
ELSE             
X$ = UCAES$(X$)        
END IF
W$ = W$ + X$      
NEXT I            
PRINT W$
END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION ALTER$ (N$) 
CLS
INPUT "Enter any string"; N$
A$ = ALTER$ (N$)  
PRINT A$END 
FUNCTION ALTER$ (N$)       
FOR I = 1 TO LEN(N$)         
X$ = MID$(N$,I,1)         
IF I MOD 2 = 0 THEN             
X$ = LCAES$(X$)          
ELSE             
X$ = UCAES$(X$)       
END IF
W$ = W$ + X$      
NEXT I            
ALTER$ = W$
END SUB

Important program from QBASIC File handling for SEE class 10. [Click here for answers]

1. Write a program to create a sequential data file named “record.txt” and store Roll number, Name, Address and Class of a student.
2. Write a program to create a sequential data file named “record.txt” and store Roll number, Name, Address and Class of few students.
3. Write a program to add few more record in a data file named “record.txt” which contains Roll number, Name, Address and Class of few students.
4. Write a program to display all the records from  data file named “record.txt” which contains Roll number, Name, Address and Class of several students.
5. Write a program to display only those records whose name starts with “K” from  data file named “record.txt” which contains Roll number, Name, Address and Class of several students.
6. Write a program to display only those records  who lives in “POKHARA” from  data file named “record.txt” which contains Roll number, Name, Address and Class of several students.
7. Write a program to count and display only those records who reads in class 10 from  data file named “record.txt” which contains Roll number, Name, Address and Class of several students.
8. Write a program to display only those records  whose roll number is in from 20 to 30 from  data file named “record.txt” which contains Roll number, Name, Address and Class of several students.
9. Write a program to count only those records who doesn’t lives in “POKHARA” from  data file named “record.txt” which contains Roll number, Name, Address and Class of several students.
10. Write a program to delete all those records whose address is “KATHMANDU”from  data file named “record.txt” which contains Roll number, Name, Address and Class of several students.

Q) A sequential data file named “result.doc” contains Roll number, Name, Class and Marks obtained in 5 different subject i.e Maths, Science, English, Nepali, Computer. Let us consider Pass mark to be 40 and Full mark to be 100 then answer all the following questions.

• Write a program to display all the name of students who failed in any one or more of the subject.
• Write a program to count total number of students who passed in all the subject.
• Write a program to calculate and display percentage of all the students along with the roll number and name.
• Write a program to display name of the students who failed only in English and Nepali.
• Write a program to delete all the records of students who failed in any one or more of the subject.